Thinking in Systems

Donella Meadows's primer on systems thinking, published in 2008 from her draft manuscript, on stocks, flows, feedback and the places where a system can be changed.

Meadows, one of the authors of The Limits to Growth, wrote this short book to bring systems thinking out of the computer and into ordinary reasoning. It starts with the basics of stocks, flows and feedback, visits a zoo of common system types, explains why systems work as well as they do, works through system traps and opportunities, and ends with leverage points, the places to intervene in a system, and with living in a world of systems. It was completed from her draft manuscript and edited by Diana Wright of the Sustainability Institute after Meadows's death, and published in 2008.

A digital twin is a systems model with a user interface, and most of the ways twins go wrong are the ones this book names: mistaking a stock for a flow, ignoring delays, optimising a part at the expense of the whole. It is the book to give to colleagues and clients before showing them the model.

Cover via Open Library.